Acts and enforcement might ...

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Acts and enforcement might just exclude or evict families from basic shelter or survival rights. Many of the times slums are located on enchroached land and they dont have entitlement rights to even have concrete structure. So investing on temporary land with fear of arousing eviction by state also another issue for which house / basic facility upgradation or investment incrementally with such level of uncertainty status does not happen, at least for Indian cities. The open defecation is not due to the choice but due to multiple socio-political and legal issues eg unavailability (due to land issue or financing)cohesiveness or absence of coverage due to urban rural bias even lack of credit for construction. With required support and legal, financial framework open defecation can be addressed rather than state policing mechanism.