There are a lot of concerns ...

There are a lot of concerns about how to handle the "reject" brine from SWRO processes, a paper on the various options for treatment and disposal options would be great if it could be comprehensive and to add issues of the adverse characteristics, e.g. high NaCl or CaCl concentrations in the brine, can they be recovered or disposed of, lack of dissolved oxygen and immediate impact of receiving waters even if blended into BW during a tidal event and the impact on the estuary habitat of fish and mammals. SWRO is becoming the answer for drought as in Cape Town over the past half decade, but at what cost to the environment and the health of the receiving waters. The same applies for backwash water disposal when membranes are flushed to prevent blinding.