The colours associated with ...

The colours associated with clays and muds are finely divided colloids and fines and sometimes soluble humic and fulvic acids. These contaminants can pass through filters or rapidly block filters. The most appropriate treatment that I have is used is Coagulation > Flocculation and Clarification and then use the filter as a final barrier. For remote sites, electro-coagulation, -flocculation and lamella clarifier work well. The electrical energy for electro-coagulation being generated by solar pv or other renewable energy source. See attached file showing picture of Solar based drinking water package treatment plant incorporating all these features.

File 01-05-2016, 09 41 17.jpeg

(see also www.powerandwater.com)