Manganese ions in water ...

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Manganese ions in water supplies can cause stained clothes, "black" water, water main encrustation, deposit on paper machines and debris at end user taps. Though chlorine can be used to control these problems, it reacts so slowly that manganese ions may still be in the water distribution after 24 hours. Chlorine Dioxide reacts much more rapidly with manganese, oxidizing it to manganese dioxide. After 5 mins contact time 99+% of manganese dioxide can be removed with 0.45 micron filter.