Alternative methods ...

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Alternative methods

Capacitive Deionization: about .5 to .8 kilowatt hour per cubic meter, 95% removal and depending upon other salts 90 to 95% recovery of the water.

R.O. : about 75% recovery at about 2 Kilowatt hours per cubic meter, any calcium in the water causes calcium flouride scaling so must be cautious of this and use antiscalants

Alumina: absorptive media that requires regeneration and often problematic

Precipitation with lime: large sludge problem and requires large amount of lime to remove