There are two potable water ...

There are two potable water reuse options currently gaining prevalence: direct potable reuse (DPR) and indirect potable reuse (IPR).While all water is eventually reused in some sense in a conventional water treatment system, DPR and IPR both involve a proactive decision to transform treated wastewater into drinking water.

Advantages Of DPR

Cost savings: Drinking water treatment and wastewater treatment typically occur in the same or nearby locations in DPR systems, requiring a short pumping distance for product delivery. The close proximity of both waste and drinking water treatment may present considerable cost savings for municipalities when compared to IPR methods, according to “Drinking Water through Recycling”, a report by the Australian Academy of Technological Science and Engineering (ATSE).

Disadvantages Of DPR

Additional setup: Some DPR systems may require additional water quality or process performance monitoring and/or an engineered storage buffer, according to the ATSE report. These items may increase costs and would require additional time, planning, and labor to implement. The purposes of a storage buffer include balancing variability between water production and water use, balancing water quality variability, and providing time to detect and respond to any contaminants in the water, according to the ATSE report.

Advantages Of IPR

Environmental Purification: In IPR, treated wastewater is discharged into an environmental system such as a river, lake, or aquifer. Some wastewater industry stakeholders believe that the time treated water remains in this environment system allows any remaining contaminants to be degraded by physical or biological processes, according to the ATSE report. Dilution of the water in the environment also may minimize any potential risk by decreasing the concentration of contaminants that may be present,

Disadvantages Of IPR

More expensive: IPR systems typically have higher capital and operational costs, according to the ATSE report. The construction and maintenance of transfer systems to move the water from the treatment facilities to a suitable environmental buffer can also be costly. Many IPR systems rely on extensive enclosed pipelines and associated pump stations to deliver water from the water treatment facility to the environmental buffer. Additional costs come from pumping water long distances, especially

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